According to the "father of soil mechanics", Karl von Terzaghi, consolidation is "any process which involves a decrease in water content of saturated soil without replacement of water by air". More generally, consolidation refers to the process by which soils change volume in response to a change in pressure, encompassing both compaction and swelling. [extract from Wiki2]
In this article, we will provide an overview of Soil Consolidation Testing and we will:
Consolidation tests are typically performed on a saturated cylindrical soil specimen and are designed to measure the amount and the rate at which a sample will change in height when subjected to a load.
It can be removed when a load is applied on a low permeability soil, it is initially supported by the water held within the porous of soil sample. As the load increases, a rapid increase of pore water pressure occurred inside the sample. This excess pore water pressure is dissipated as water drains away from the soil’s voids and the pressure is transferred to the soil skeleton which is gradually compressed, resulting in settlements.
To carry out the consolidation of soil, the sample must be constrained radially (normally with a stainless-steel cutting ring) and subjected to a vertical load (stress). The vertical height changes during the test, however the diameter of the sample needs to remain the same throughout.
Consolidation test is typically performed for evaluating soil compressibility. The incremental applied stress that causes consolidation may be due to either natural loads (e.g. sedimentation process), or human-made loads (for example in the construction of a building or an embankment above a soil mass) or even the decrease of the ground water table.
In particular consolidation tests can be used for answering the following questions:
The duration of the consolidation process is a critical issue and mainly depends on the permeability of the soil being subjected to the load and on the drainage paths. In general, consolidation in sandy soils is quick (occurring possibly immediately during construction) whereas the process may last for many years or even decades in clay soils.
The consolidation procedure is commonly separated into 3 stages:
Geotechnical laboratories can measure the consolidation properties of a soil in several ways:
One-dimensional Consolidation test
This is the simplest and most common method and is commonly referred to as consolidation test, oedometer test, and incremental loading oedometer. In this case, the lateral strain of the soil mass is neglected; applying different step of vertical load. These are commonly undertaken in laboratories due to the relative ease of the testing process and the simplicity of the equipment required. [read about Wykeham Farrance’s Automatic Computerized Oedometer and Front Loading Oedometers]
Constant Rate of Strain (CRS) Consolidation test
In addition to the most common incremental loading consolidation, various tests can be performed measuring the magnitude and rate-of-consolidation of saturated cohesive soils using continuous controlled-strain axial compression that also allow the excess moisture to dissipate. Consolidation tests using CRS cells are quicker than the standard incremental loading test. Despite being quick to perform, results are as accurate as with other methods. Using CRS cells, it is possible to monitor the excess pore pressure continually so tests can run at maximum speed further increasing test specimen throughput.
Hydraulic Consolidation test
The incremental loading consolidation test can also be performed with a different device, hydraulic consolidation cell that applies vertical force using hydraulic pressure. This type of cell allows you to get more information to be gathered from the soil sample. (e.g. low permeability by hydraulic pressure).
Incremental loading – Standard
A typical consolidation system for one dimensional consolidation testing can be seen below.
In a standard front loading oedometer system, the frame (oedometer) is used to apply a vertical stress to the sample using dead weight that’s added to lever arm.
You can configure your oedometer system as:
The typical configuration requires the following components:
Set of three oedometers |
Set of three oedometers |
Fully automatic incremental loading
Incremental loading can also be performed with the same consolidation cells in automatic mode using an automatic system; its stepper motor moves the sample up against a load cell to apply a vertical stress to the sample. A PID closed-loop control delivers fast, smooth and accurate loading holding through the multiple test steps. This is achieved with a load cell that measures the vertical load being applied to the specimen. One or several devices are usually controlled via PC software allowing the complete control and acquisition during the entire test. |
You can pre-set all test conditions with the software and then let each oedometer unit perform the entire test independently and automatically delivering consistency across all testing procedures and allowing you to perform other tasks while the test is running.
In order to increase the sample throughput, the software allows you to set up pre-set criteria for skipping in automatic mode to the next step of charge such as:
CRS – Constant Rate of Strain
You can also use an automatic oedometer capable of providing both stress and strain control to perform the CRS test. Here, the soil is subjected to uniform deformation; axial force, axial deformation and base excess pressure being measured during this consolidation process.
From the automatic oedometer you’d need to add the additional items:
|
Additional equipment is also required such as a de-aired water system, tubing to connect the cell and pressure system together and specimen preparation equipment.
Hydraulic Consolidation – Hydrocon
Below is a typical Hydrocon configuration:
Additional equipment is also required such as a de-aired water system, tubing work to connect the cell and pressure system together and specimen preparation equipment.
We hope you find this post informative. If you need to clarify anything or need any additional information, get in touch with one of our Soil Mechanics experts.